32-bit vs 64-bit Computer/Phone

                          32-bit tih leh 64-bit tih hi kan lo hre fo tawh țhin ang a. An inang lo tih te, 64-bit a chak zawk tih te pawhin kan lo hre hrang nual tawh ang. Amaherawhchu, heng a hnuaia mite hi hrechiang lo kan la awm thei tlat.

- Engti ang chiahin nge an danglam?
- Eng hi nge danglamna thlentu ber?
- Engti ang chiahin nge an inthlauh?
- I computer hman lai mekah khan eng hi nge a țhatpui zawk ang?


                       Tunah erawh chuan, kan hrethiam vek tawh ang. Tuna kan topic-ah hi chuan, processor chungchang kan sawi a ni tih kan hre țheuh dawn nia. A hmasain hengho hi hrethiam phawt teh ang :-

A tlangpui:

                         32-bit leh 64-bit kan tih hian CPU (computer processor) kan sawina a ni. Tun hma kha chuan, 64-bit CPU hi a la awm ngai lo va, AMD chuan 22 April, 2003 khan 64-bit CPU an rawn siamchhuak ta a, a hmasa ber niin a hming chu  'AMD Opteron' tih a ni. 64-bit CPU hi Intel 64 (x64) leh AMD64 tiin an then hrang thin a. Tunlaiah erawh chuan, CPU-te hi 32 leh 64 bit an support kawp vek tawh a (x86_64); Operating system kan install-ah hian a innghat tawh. Smartphone-ah ve thung chuan Apple hovin 20 September, 2013 khan iPhone 5s an release a; smartphone bikah 64-bit CPU an rawn siamchhuak hmasa ber ve thung a ni.

Binary number: Number pahnih: 1 emaw, 0 emaw tihna a ni. (0 or 1)

Bit: Binary number sawina tho a ni a, CPU architecture bikah chuan memory address a binary number (length) awm thei zat sawina atan hman a ni.

Entir nan: 8-bit kan tih chuan, Binary number (1 or 0) hi digit riat a support tihna a ni a; 01010101 hi 8-bit binary number a ni tihna a ni. Tuna kan topic-ah hi chuan 8-bit memory address tihna a ni ve thung.

Memory address: Memory kan sawi hian tun țumah hi chuan, RAM kan sawi tihna a ni. RAM chhunga thil awm reng reng hian memory address an nei țheuh va; RAM chhunga khawilai tak ah nge a awm tih a hriat theih dawn tihna a ni. Memory Address value hi a 'bit' a san chuan value a load sang thei tihna a ni a; RAM-ah hian vawi khatah application lian zawk a load theih dawn tihna a ni.




AN DANGLAMNA (DIFFERENCE):

1.  64-bit CPU kan tih hian processor chhunga components hrang hrang awm ho -- Memory address, Registers, Address bus, Data bus, integer size, data path widths leh a dangte hian, 64-bit virtual memory address (Eight-Octet) (2⁶⁴) an hmang tihna a ni. 32-bit CPU-ah ve thung chuan he'ng ka thil sawiho hian 32-bit virtual memory address (2³²) an hmang tihna a ni ve leh mai.
2. Memory address atan 64-bit kan hman si chuan, Data value sang tak a la thei tihna a ni a; vawi khatah application lian tak a load thei tihna a nih chu! 32-bit memory address a nih ve leh thung chuan, 64-bit-in data value a load theih chanve vel a load thei tihna a ni a; vawi khata application a load theih zat kha 64-bit ai chuan a hniam fe zawk tihna a ni.
3. Windows OS bikah chuan, 32-bit kan hmanin, Windows hian RAM hi 4 GB (3.48 GB actual) thleng chauh a hmu thei a ni. A chhan chu, RAM chhunga address a neih theih zat chu 4 GB tihna a ni a. A chawhchhuah dan chu:
   2³² bytes = 4,294,967,296 bytes = 4,194,304 Kb = 4096 Mb = 4GB 
   
   64-bit ah ve thung chuan RAM hi 16.8 million TB vel a thleng a hmang thei ve leh thung. A chawhchhuah dan chu:
   2⁶⁴ bytes=18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes = 18,014,398,509,481,984 kb = 17,592,186,044,416 Mb = 17,179,869,184 GB = 16.8 million TB approximate.
4. Point no.3 hi han en leh lawk i la, hetah tak hian Windows OS siamtu lam Microsoft ho hian thluak an rawn hmang ve leh zeuh thung a. A hnuaia ka tarlan ang hian Windows Edition tinte hi 64-bit ni mah se, RAM support theih chin an nei ve leh vek thung a ni. Windows 7 bikah sawi ta i la.
   
   Windows Starter -                 8 GB
   Windows Home Basic -        8 GB
   Windows Home Premium - 16 GB
   Windows Professional -    192 GB
   Windows Enterprise -        192 GB
   Windows Ultimate -           192 GB
   
   *Linux leh Apple Mac OS X bikah chuan limit a awm ve lo.
5. Kan hriat reng tur chu, 64-bit Operating system-ah chuan 32-bit application a run theih vek a (Memory address-ah a len vek avangin), 64-bit application erawh hi chu 32-bit Operating system-ah a run theih loh ve thung (32-bit memory address ah 64-bit application hi load turin memory address-ah a leng tawh lo a ni.)
6. Windows OS 32-bit hian virtual memory bik atan 4 GB thleng a support a, 64-bit erawh chuan 16 TB thleng a support ve thung.
   Paging file bikah 32-bit hian 16 GB thleng a support a, 64-bit erawh chuan 256 TB thleng a support ve thung. System cache memory bikah 32-bit-in 1 GB thleng a nei thei a, 64-bit erawh chuan 1 TB thleng a nei thei ve leh thung.

I computer hmanlaiah khan 64-bit OS hi load chi a ni em?

- A tawi zawngin sawi ta mai i la, keima mimal ngaihdana 64-bit OS load nana pawi lo chin chu khu'ng a hnuaia point khu i neih kim theih chuan a ni:-

• I computer-ah khan 64-bit CPU (processor) i neih chuan.
• RAM 4 GB tal (I processor a chak tha a, i clock speed a sang tha a nih chuan).
• RAM 6 GB chin chunglam i hman chuan.

A chunga mite khi i khawlin a phak vek loh chuan, 32-bit OS hmang zawk la, i tan a tha zawk ang.

He post hi i hlawkpui a, i hrethiam a nih chuan midang hnenah share hreh lo la, hei aia tha zawka tih dan hria kan awm chuan khawngaihin comment lamah kan sawi dawn a nia.

Ka lawm e.

 

Hyperthreading technology

Tunlaiah 'Hyperthreading technology' a lar a, a awmze hre lo pawh kan la tamin a rinawm. Mahse, he post chhiartu hi chuan kan hrethiam vek tawh ang.

Hyperthreading kan tih chuan hriatthiam phawt tur thil pahnih a awm a. Chungte chu :-

1. CPU Core (Physical): Processor kut leh ke ber a ni a, CPU-in a hnathawh tur ber (process) lo sawngbawl a, hna lo thawksaktu tihna a ni. CPU-ah hian a bet a, amah hi 'physical core' tih a nih avangin hardware a ni bawk tihna a ni.
   
   
2. Thread (Logical): Tuna kan sawilai hi hardware thread a ni a, hardware thread kan tih hian hardware tak tak a ni tihna a ni chuang lo va, Thread chu CPU Core kut leh ke ber a ni a, Core hian a hnathawhna ber atana a hman chu thread hi a ni. CPU-in process a run dawn chuan thread a hmang thin. Logical core tih te pawhin an sawi thin tho va; CPU core hian thread an nei theuh thei tihna a ni. Thread leh Core hi ngaihpawlh awl deuh mai a ni.
   
   (Software thread a awm leh a, hardware thread lo zawk a ni a, an danglamna chu software thread chu process peng khat a ni ve leh thung a, process in thread pakhat aia tam an nei thei bawk. Process nen inanna lai an nei ve leh a: Thread chu a zan em avangin light weight processes tih te pawhin an sawi thin tho a ni.)

Aw le, tunah chuan Core (physical) leh Tread (logical) danglamna kan hre tawh bawk a, khiti ang thil thui chhiar reng chu a ninawm tawh ang. Hyperthreading awmzia luhchilh tawh ang aw.

Hyperthreading: 

                       Hyperthreading chu feature pakhat a ni. Tunlaia processor chhuak thar Intel leh AMD ten an siam tam tak hian hyperthreading technology an support nual tawh a ni. A thil tum ber chu, Processor-in chak leh rintlak zawka hna a thawh theih na'n a ni. Hyperthreading support processor-ah chuan CPU core tinte hian anmahniin hardware thread (logical) pahnih theuh an nei hrang vek a, thread a lo tam na na na chuan process pawh hnehsawh takin a la zel ang a; CPU chu a lo chak phah ta em em a ni. Hyperthreading support lo, CPU core neih zat inang chiah processor ai chuan a let deuhthawin a chak zawk tihna a nih chu. A nih chuan Hyperthreading-ah chuan core tinte hian process pakhat aia tam an la thei tihna a ni a; core tinte hian thread pahnih zel an neih dawn avangin. Thread chu process run-tu ber a ni si a; Processor Hyperthreading support lovah erawh chuan core tinte hian process pakhat zel an la ang; core tinte hian thread pakhat theuh an neih vang a ni.

Entir na'n: Kan Processor (Hyperthreading support) hian Core pahnih (Dual core) lo nei ta se, chung core-te chuan kut (hand/thread) an nei theuh angah lo ngaihruat leh ta i la. Hyperthreading a support si chuan core pahnihte khan a hranin thread an lo neih belh ve ve ang a; kut pakhat an neih belh ve ve dawn tihna a nih chu (A chhan i hriatchian loh chuan Hardware thread khi lo chhiar nawn leh mai rawh). A nih chuan kan processor core-te chuan kut pali an nei tawh ang a, kut pahnihin hna an thawh theih ang deuhthaw kha kut pahnih dang lo awm belhte chuan hna an lo thawk thei ve leh ang. Processor chak tha tak kan neih phah dawn tihna a nih chu.

Hriat tur atana pawimawh em em erawh chu, hyperthreading hian Thread (logical) a neih belh avang hian physical core ngah zawk CPU-te hi a tluk pha tihna a ni kher lo. Entir na'n: Dual Core Hyperthreading support chuan thread pali (Physical core 2 in Logical core 4 aka hardware thread an nei) a nei a, Quad Core Hyperthreading support ve lo hian core pali (Physical 4) tho a nei ve leh bawk. Core tinte chuan thread (logical) pakhat theuh an nei a, hyperthreading a support loh vangin logical thread an neih belh tawh lo. Nimahsela, Core tinte hian thread pakhat theuh an nei ve tho va, chuvang chuan, core pahnih nei a, thread pali nei ai chuan, core pali nei mahni theuhva thread pakhat nei hrang CPU hi a chak zawk a ni.
 CPU clock speed inang reng siah chuan Quad core hyperthreading support lo hi a la chak zawk tho tihna a nih chu. Chuti ang zelin, dual core ro rovah pawh hyperthreading support chu a chak zawk tihna a ni.

He post hi i hlawkpui a nih chuan i thiante hnenah share hreh lo la. Zawhna i neih a, hei aia tha suggest duh i nei a nih chuan comment lamah i rawn tuihnih mai dawn nia.

Ka lawm e.

CACHE MEMORY

Cache Memory

'Cache memory' tih hi i phone-ah leh computer-ah te i lo hmu fo tawh ngai em?

Computer lam subject la phei chuan Operating System kan zir chuan, Cache memory hi kan hmelhriat furin ka ring. Amaherawhchu, a awmzia leh a țangkaina hre lo kan tam ve leh thei tlat.

Eng nge Cache memory?

• Cache memory chu memory chi khat, size te tak te tihna a ni.
• Cache memory chu RAM leh CPU (Processor) inkara awm a ni a; tunlaiah chuan Hard disk leh Graphic card lam pawhin an nei fur tawh.
• CPU-in chak leh rang zual zawka hna a thawh theih na’n leh rang zawka a hnathawh turho RAM atanga a lak theih na’n a an siam a ni.
• Cache memory hi memory chi khat, speed sang tak a ni.
• Cache memory-ah hian file leh data a in-store ve ngai lo va, link emaw, reference emaw hi a list in a awm țhin.
• Cache memory hi user tan hmuh theihin a awm ngai lo.
• Heng list ațang te hian CPU chuan a hnathawh tur list-te chu awlsam takin cache memory atangin reference chu a la țhin a. CPU-in RAM chhunga a hnathawh tur chu zawn buai ngai tawh lo vin, a bul lawka cache memory atangin rang takin a la zung zung thei tawh a ni. (Mapping). Entir na’n: In sakna-ah Mistiri-in a bungrua leh a hmanrua leh a mamawh thil dangte chu bungraw dahkhawmna hmuna va zawn buai zel ngai tawh lo vin, a helper in a lo pe zung zung thin. A hna pawh a awlsam phah a, a rang zawk bawk a ni. Helper hi Mistiri hian a tih tur list a lo pe zel a, list-te chu helper-in a lo kawl reng a, Mistiri chuan a helper kut atang chuan a mamawh chu awlsam takin a la thei ta a ni. Mistiri hi CPU a ni a; Helper hi Cache a ni ve leh a; bungraw dahkhawmna hmun hi RAM a ni tihna a nih chu.

      

Cache memory chi hrang hrangte:-

1. Level 1 (L1) cache: Processor hnaih ber a ni a, processor chip-ah an bel tel țhin. A chak em em a; a te em em thung.
2. Level 2 (L2) cache: L1 cache aiin a capacity a lian hret a, Processor chip bul hnaiah tho an dah țhin. CPU nen hian High-speed alternative system bus hmangin an inthlunzawm țhin a; a chak em em bawk.
3. Level 3 (L3) cache: L1 leh L2 cache performance hmasawnna tura special taka duan a ni a. A memory tak hi chu, L1 leh L2 cache aiin a chak lo hret a, mahse, RAM speed a tihsan phah ve leh thung a ni. CPU core pakhat aia tam nei hovah chuan, core tinte hian anmahni țheuhvin L1 emaw, L2 cache emaw hi an chang țhin a; L3 cache erawh chu core tinte hian an ințawm țhin a ni.

He post hi i tangkaipui a nih chuan, i thiante hnenah i lo hrilhdarh ve dawn nia. "Hei aia tha zawkin a sawi theih e" ti in awm a nih pawhin comment lamah min lo hrilh dawn nia.

I hun hlu tak senga i lo chhiar avangin ka lawm e

Device Driver Search

I computer-ah khan device driver a lo kim lo va, device manager-ah lah i device chu 'Unknown Device' tihin a lo awm si a. I device hming leh a model/series i hriat si loh kha a driver install i duh bawk si a. A buaithlak duh awm? Engtin nge i tih tak ang le??

Lo lungphang suh,
DTT in a rawn pui leh dawn che. 😊

Tan nghal mai i la tiraw??

STEPS:

1. Windows key + R hmet la

2. devmgmt.msc tih chhu la, 'Ok button' hmet leh rawh. Device manager a lo lang ang.

3. I device model i hriatchian si loh, driver la install loh kha (Exclamation mark, a engin rawngin a in-mark ang) Right click la, Properties-ah khan lut rawh le

4. Properties-a i luh hnuah khan, 'Details' tap (a chung tlar)-ah khan lut rawh.

5. 'Property' tihah khan 'Hardware Ids' select rawh. (Hardware Ids a awm loh chuan Device Ids select tur)

6. A hnuaia picture ang khuan 'Hardware Ids' i select a, tlar hmasa bera lo lang kha right click la, Copy rawh le.

7. Browser (Chrome, Firefox leh adt.) hawng la, https://drp.su/en/catalog ah hian lut rawh.

8. Search bar-ah khan paste (Ctrl+V hmet) rawh le.

9. Enter key la hmet mai lo la, i thil paste-ah khan thlak danglam ngai a la awm tlat:
'&pid' tih telin a hnung lam zawng kha delete rawh le.
Entir nan: Ka driver search tur Hardware Ids hi usb\vid_1782&pid_5d02&mi_01 tih a lo ni a, kei chuan usb\vid_1782 tih zawng hi ka dah anga. &pid_5d02&mi_01 tih chin hi ka delete dawn tihna a nih chu (a hnuaia mi ang hian:)



10. Enter key hmet tawh rawh le...

11. I driver hming leh a model chu a lo awm tawh ang a, Windows hman lai kha select turin a rawn tih che chuan i select mai ang a, i download duh i thlang tawh mai dawn nia.

He post hi a tangkaia i hriat chuan i thiante hnenah share ve la. Zawh duh i nei emaw, heti ang lo deuh, a aia awlsam leh tih dan tha zawk i hria emaw a nih chuan comment lamah min lo suggest mai dawn nia.

Ka lawm e.

XAVIER! MALWARE

Xavier trojan chungchanga hriat tur pawimawhte:-

-Xavier hi application thara bet a ni.

-Trend Micro hovin malware 800 vel playstore-ah a awm tih an hmuchhuak tih an sawi.

-A detect thei tur apps an la siamchhuak lo.

-"Playstore ațanga engmah download loh tur" tih hi a dik ber lo va, thlalak leh video edit-na apps chhuak thar leh hriat ngai lem lohte -- theme chhuak, wallpaper set danglamna apps leh ringtone thlakna apps chhuak tharte-ah a awm nual a, chuvangin download hrih loh tur a ni e.

-Chiai chiam loh tur... Play store neitu Google lamin official news an rawn chhuah hunah engkim a chiang ang.

- Xavier hma hian malware chikhat 'JUDY' tih a awm tawh a, Xavier in a khawih pawi theih chu -- Thlalak leh file pawimawh a ru thei a, a ti leak thei bawk. Hei bakah hian phone-a apps, amaha in download vak vakte pawh a thlen thei. MTK (MediaTeK) phone tan a hlauhawn zual leh ang. (Xolo, Micromax, Vivo, Karbonn, Lava, Intex leh adt.)

AUDIO CD RIPPPING

Eng nge Audio CD Ripping?
- 'Audio CD Ripping' kan tih chuan, Audio CD chhunga hla (track) awmho, MP3/WAV file format-te lachhuah tihna a ni.

Tangkaina?
- Audio CD/DVD bik hi computer-a CD/DVD ROM-a kan thun luh hian, CD/DVD chhungah han tilut i la, file hmuh tur leh lakchhuah tur engmah a awm ngai lo va, CD/DVD chhunga hla hi lakchhuah kan duh bawk si a nih chuan kan tih theih chu 'Ripping' a ni.

Mamawh:
- Easy Audio Copy (EAC)

- I neih loh chuan heta tang hian i download mai dawn a nia.

>>>Download<<<

EAC hmang hian CD chhunga audio file chu kan la chhuak ang. (WAV file format in kan la chhuak dawn tihna a ni)

STEPS:

1. EAC chu install la, i install zawhah amah ah khan lut rawh le.

2. Audio CD chu i CD/DVD ROM ah thun rawh le.

3. EAC-ah khan a chung veilamah khan i CD/DVD drive chu select la, WAV tih a vei lamah khan select leh rawh le... (WAV a rip hian quality a hlauh tlem a, duh chuan MP3 ah a convert ve leh theih a ni) A hnuaia picture ang hian.

4. EAC chuan i audio file kha khawi directory-ah nge i rip chhuah dawn tihin zawhna a rawn awm a nih chuan i duhna folder kha i select mai dawn nia.

5. I select zawh hnuah 'Save' button kha click tawh rawh le. A in-rip lai progress a lo lang ang.

A chunga picture a lo lan hnuah hian a zo vang a, i audio CD/DVD chhunga i hmuh theih si loh hla awmho chu i hmuh leh khawih kual theihin EAC hmang hian awlsam takin i rip chhuak ta...

ENJOY

He post hi a tangkaia i hria a nih chuan i thiante hnenah i lo share ve thin dawn nia.

Ka lawm e.

SLI vs CROSSFIRE

I computer-ah Graphic card pakhat aia tam i hmang duh ta a. Engtin nge i tih tak ang?
Graphic card pakhat aia tam i hman duh chuan thil pahnih i hriat a ngai. Chu chu, SLI (NVIDIA) leh Crossfire (AMD)-te hi an ni. SLI leh Crossfire la hrethiam fumfe lo kan awm nual a, Mizo tawng ngeiin kan hrilhfiah ang che u.

Graphic card (GPU)-ah chuan NVIDIA leh AMD-te hi khawvel a lar ber pahnih an ni a, an in el nasa em em a, an thil siamchhuah pawh a tha thei khawp mai. Game ngaina tan phei chuan he post hi chhiar ngei a tha a; hriat loh a zahthlak dawn tlat. Graphic card pahnih kan hman theih phawt chuan kan graphic card-in a hnathawh theih ai khan a let thawkin a thawk chak zawk dawn tihna a nih chu.

SLI: SLI lampum chu Scalable Link Interface tih a ni. SLI technology hi NVIDIA company in an siamchhuah a ni a, SLI kan tih chuan NVIDIA graphic card bik pakhat aia tam hman theihna tihna a ni mai. Tunlaia graphic card pakhat aia tam kan hman dan tlanglawn ber chu graphic card pahnih hman kawp hi a ni.

Aw le, NVIDIA graphic card pahnih (dual) kan hman duh chuan hengte hi kan neih a ngai:-

1. NVIDIA SLI certified motherboard
2. NVIDIA Graphic card GPU series inang chiah chiah
3. Graphic card RAM zat inzat chiah chiah
4. SLI bridge (Graphic card pahnih zawmtu)

Kan hriat reng tur erawh chu, Graphic card GPU series inang chiah chiah pawh hi a siamtu Company a inang lo ve leh thei a, a company siamtu hi hrang mah se, GPU series leh Graphic memory (RAM) inang chiah chiah kan neih chuan a SLI theih a ni. Entir na'n: ASUS GTX 780, 3 GB RAM leh MSI GTX 780, 3 GB RAM i lo nei ta a, ASUS leh MSI company in an siam ni mah se, an GPU Series (GTX 780) leh an memory size (3 GB RAM)-te an inan avangin heng graphic card pahnihte hi kan SLI thei tihna a nih chu.

CROSSFIRE: Crossfire ve thung hi chu AMD-hovin graphic card an siamho hman kawpna a ni ve leh thung. Crossfire erawh hi chuan, SLI ang lo takin GPU Series leh Memory in ang lovah pawh Crossfire a tih theih vek thung. Crossfire-in a mamawh zawng chu GPU architecture inang a ni. Graphic card-te chu AMD siam ve ve an nih a ngai tihna a nih chu.

Crossfire hi a buaithlak loh zawk a, sum sen zat tur pawh SLI ai chuan a tlem zawk. Amaherawhchu, NVIDIA graphic card reng reng hi tlawm zawk mah se, heat (sa) a pekchhuah hi AMD aiin a tlem zawk zel a, a graphic card hrim hrim pawh hi a tlo zawk a, a rintlak avangin a fuh zawk zel ti i la kan sawi sual tam awm lo ve.

Le, tunah chuan SLI leh Crossfire awmzia kan hrethiam tawh bawk a, kan thiante, la hre lote hnenah hrilh darh zel i la, i share duh chuan social media lamah he post hi i share thei ang. 

I hun senga i lo chhiar avangin ka lawm e. :)